Also keep in mind that layers can be turned off. If a layer is turned off, it will disappear until you next select that layer. If all of your layers are turned off, then only the currently-selected one will ever be visible, and will disappear again as soon as you select another.
You cen tell the status of your layers by looking at the Layer palette. Any layer that is On will have an orange triangle in the upper left corner (assuming you haven’t changed your interface colors). Layers that are turned Off will have no triangle. Click on your active layer to toggle it on or off. Shift+Click on a layer to toggle all layers on or off.